Nouns
(n)
Pronouns (prn)
Pronouns (prn)
Adjectives (adj)
Determiners (d)
Adverbs (adv)
Articles (art)
Verbs (v)
Prepositions (pps)
Conjunctions (c)
Growth of the Manufacturing Sector
Since(adv)
its(prn) independence(n) in(pps) 1957(n), the (art) Malaysian(n) government (n)
has (v) promoted (v) the (art) manufacturing (n) sector (n) with (pps) the
(art) aim (v) of (pps) diversifying (v) its (prn) agriculture (n)-based (n)
economy (n) and (c) as (adv) a (n) means (v) of (pps) generating (v) employment
(n) opportunities(n). More (adj) recently (adj), industrialization (n) has (v)
become (v) an (art) important (adj) vehicle (n) to (pps) achieve (v) the (art)
aims (v) of (pps) the (art) New (adj) Economic (adj) Policy (n), namely (adv),
the (art) restructuring (v) of (pps) employment (n) and (c) ownership (n) of
(art) assets (n) as (adv) well (adv) as (adv) the (art) alleviation (n) of
(pps) poverty (n).
Considering (pps) the (art) various
(adj) important (adj) objectives (n) which (prn) the (art) Malaysian (n)
government (n) has (v) laid (v) down (adv) for (pps) the (art) manufacturing
(n) sector (n), it (prn) is (v) not (adv) surprising (adj) that (prn) this
(prn) sector (n) has (v) received (adj) the (art) policymakers (n)’ special
(adj) attention (n). As (adv) early (adv) as (adv) 1958 (n), the (art) Pioneer
(n) Industrial (adj) Ordinance (n) was (v) introduced (v) to (pps) provide (v)
fiscal (adj) incentives (n) for (pps) industrial (adj) investments (n). This
(prn) was (v) replaced (v) a (n) decade (n) later (adj) by (pps) the (art)
broader (adj) Investment (n) Incentives (n). In (pps) addition (n), the(art)
Malaysian (n) Industrial (adj) Development (n) Finance (n) was (v) set (v) up
(adv) in (pps) 1960 (n) and (c) the (art) Malaysian (n) Industrial (adj)
Development (n) Authority (n) was (v) established (v) in (pps) 1965 (n) to
(pps) provide (v) financial (adj) and
(c) other (adj) facilities (n) for (pps) investors (v) in (pps) the (art)
manufacturing (n) sector (n). Also (adv), in (pps) line (n) with (pps) the
(art) New (adj) Economic (adj) 437 (n) Changes (v) in (pps) the (art) Malaysian
(n) Economy (n) and (c) Trade (n) Trends (n) and (c) Prospects (n) Policy (n),
the (art) Malaysian (n) government (n) began (v) to (pps) participate (v) more
(adj) actively (adj) and (c) directly (adv) in (pps) the (art)
industrialization (n) process (n) by (pps) investing (v) in (pps) industries
(n).
In (pps) 1975 (n) the (art)
Industrial (adj) Coordination (n) Act (n) was (v) introduced (v) to (pps)
accelerate (v) the (art) pace (n) of (pps) industrialization (n) and (c)achieve
(v) the (art) New (adj) Economic (adj) Policy (n) objectives (n). Pragmatic
(adj) changes (v) in (pps) industrial (adj) sector (n) policies (n) reinforced
(v) by (pps) sustained (v) political (adj) and (c) price (n) stability (n), a
(n) buoyant (adj)balance (n) of (pps) payments (n), a (n) favorable (adj)
investment (n) climate (n), abundant (adj) natural (adj) resources (n), and (c)
a (n) fairly (adv) well (adv)-educated (adj) labor (n) force (n) have (v)
helped (v) the (art) Malaysian (n) manufacturing (n) sector (n) achieve (v)
substantial (adj) industrial (n) growth (n) over (pps) the (art) last (adv) two
(n) decades (n). The (art) average (adj) annual (adj) growth (n) rate (n) in
(pps) this (prn) sector (n) of (pps)12% (n) has (v) been (v) consistently (adv)
higher (adj) than (pps) that (prn) of (pps) any (prn) other (prn) sector (n) in
(pps) the (art) economy (n) during (pps) the (art) last (adv) two (adj) decades
(n). This (prn) growth (n) rate (n) is (v) twice (adv) the (prn) 6% rate (n) of
(pps) average (n) annual (adj) growth(n) of (pps) GDP (n) in (pps) the (art)
1960s (n) and (c) one (n) and (c) a (d) half (n) times (n) the (art) high (adj)
7.5% (n) per (pps)annum(n) GDP (n) growth (n) in (pps) the(art) 1970s (n).
The (art) increase (v) in (pps) value
(n) added (v) is (v) also (adv) another (prn) good (adj) indicator (n) of (pps)
the (art) very (adv) rapid (adj) growth (n) in (pps) manufacturing (n) activity
(n). Between (pps) 1959 (n) and (c) 1973 (n), total (n) value (n) added (v)
arising (v) from (pps) the (art) manufacturing (n) sector (n) grew (v) from
(pps) M $204 million (n) to (pps) M
$2,060 million (n). This (art) increase (n) represents (v) an (d) average (n)
annual (adj) growth (n) rate (n) in (pps) the (d) region (n) of ( pps) 18 % (n)
. More (adv) significantly (adj), the (d) increase (v) in (pps) gross (n) value
(n) added (v) exceeded (v) the (d) increase (v) in (pps) gross (n) output (n)
in (pps) the (d) last (adv) twenty (n) years (n). The (d) result (n) is (v) a
(d) continuously (adj) rising (v) ratio (n) of (pps) value (n) added (v) to
(pps) gross (n) output (n) during (pps) this
(d) period (n) and (c) indicates (v)
Malaysia’s (n) success (n) in (pps) increasing (v) the (d) domestic (n) value (n)
added (v) content (n) of (pps) its (prn) manufacturing (n) gross (n) output (n).
In addition (c), when (c) growth (n) rates (n) are (v) calculated (v) over
(pps) different (adj) time (n) periods (n), we (prn) observe (v) that (prn)
there (prn) was (v) an (d) acceleration (n) in (pps) the (d) increase (v) in (pps)
value (n) added (v), particularly (adj) after (pps) 1968 (n). This (art) spurt
(n) appears (v) to (pps) coincide (v) closely (adj) with (pps) the (d) Malaysian
(n) government’s (n) increasing (v) use (n) of (pps) tariff (n) protection (n)
as (pps) an (d) instrument (n) to (pps) advance (v) industrial (n) development
(n). However (c), it (prn) was (v) also (c) during (pps) this (art) period (n)
that (adv) manufactured (v) exports (n) began (v) to (pps) achieve (v) some
(adj) measure (v) of (pps) success (n).
In (pps) terms (n) of (pps) number
(n) of (pps) establishments (n) and (c) employment (n), in (pps) the (d) last
(adj) twenty (n) years (n), the (d) total (n) number (n) of (pps) manufacturing (v) establishments (n) has (v)
more (adj) than (pps) doubled (v), while (c) the (d) total (n) number (n) of (pps) employees (n) has (v) increased (v) from
(pps) 61,597 (n) to (pps) 377,719 (n).
In short (c), all (prn) indicators
(n) show (v) that (adv) manufacturing (n) has (v) been (v) by far (adj) the (d)
fastest (adj) growing (v) economic (n) activity (n) on (pps) a (d) sustained
basis in the Malaysian economy. Available evidence shows that the sources for
the substantial (adj) growth (n) in (pps) the (d) manufacturing (n) sector (n)
in (pps) the (d) past (n) may (v) be(v) traced (v) to (pps) the (d) growth (n)
in (pps) domestic (n) demand (n) and (c) import (n) substitution (n). By (pps)
the (d) late (adj) 1960s (n) and (c) early (adj) 1970s (n), the (d) scope (n)
of (pps) the (d) “easy” (adj) or (c) first (adj), stage (n) of (pps) import (n)
substitution (n) was (v) substantially (adj) reduced (v). Further (c),
beginning (v) around (pps) the (d) mid- 1960s (n), manufactured (v) exports (n)
gradually (adj) became (v) an (d) important (adj) direct (adj) source (n) of (pps) growth (n), accounting (v)
for (pps) about (adv) a (d) fifth (adj) of (pps) industrial (n) growth (n). In
(pps) more (adj) recent (adj) years (n), 1974-78 (n), manufactured (v) exports
(n) have (v) maintained (v) their (prn) contribution (n) to (pps) growth (n) at
(pps) about (adv) 20% (n), and (c) additional (adj) import (n) substitution (n)
appears (v) to (pps) have (v) contributed (v) 12% (n) to (pps) growth (n) in
(pps) those (art) years (n).
The (d) rapid (adj) growth (n) in(pps)
the (d) Malaysian (n) manufacturing (n) sector (n) has (v) enabled (v) it (prn)
to (pps) make (v) a (d) significant (adj) contribution (n) to (pps) the (d) growth
(n) in (pps) the (d) country’s (n) GDP (n). This (art) contribution (n) of (pps)
manufacturing (n) to (pps) the (d) growth (n) in (pps) GDP (n) has (v)
increased (v) from (pps) nearly (adj) 20% (n) in (pps) the (d) early (adj)
1960s (n) to (pps) nearly (adj) 26% (n) in (pps) the (d) late (adj) 1970s (n).
Consequently (c) the (d) share (n) of (pps) manufacturing (n) in (pps) GDP (n)
has (v) risen (v) from (pps) less (adj) than (pps) 8% (n) in (pps) 1960 (n) to
(pps) more (adj) than (pps) 20% (n) two (n) decades (n) later (adj),
compensating (v) for (pps) the (d) declining (v) share (n) of (pps) the (d)
primary (n) sectors (n): agriculture (n), forestry (n), and fishing (n).
Apart from the above (c), the (d)
rapid (adj) growth (n) in (pps) the (d) Malaysian (n) manufacturing (n) sector
(n) has (v) also (c) generated (v) significant (adj) employment (n) opportunities
(n). The (d) two (n) leading (v) contributors (n) to (pps) direct (adj)
employment (n) creation (n) were (v) the (d) wood-processing (n) and (c) electrical
(n) machinery (n) industries(n) are (v) providing (v) 25,000-28,000 (n) jobs (n)
during (pps) the (d) decade (n) 1963-73
(n), when (pps) the (d) total (n) increase (v) in (pps) employment (n) amounted
(v) to (pps) about (adv) 190,000 (n) persons (n) The (d) next (pps) in (pps) line
(n) were (v) food (n) products (n) and (c) textiles (n), each (adj)
contributing (v) about (adv) 21,000 (n) jobs (n). Thus (c), these (art) four
(n) subsectors (n) together (v) were (v) responsible (v) for (pps) almost (adv)
half (adv) of (pps) the (d)total (adj) jobs (n) created (v) in (pps) the (d)
entire (adj) manufacturing (n) sector (n) during (pps) 1963- 73 (n). Other (n)
leading (v) industrial (n) groups (n) in (pps) generating(v) direct (v)
manufacturing (n) employment (n) were (v) fabricated (v) metal (n) products (n),
followed (v) by (pps) wearing (v) apparel (n), rubber (n) products (n),
machinery (n) and (c) plastic (n) products (n). These (art) five (n) groups (n) together (v) generated
(v) the (d) majority(adj) of (pps) jobs (n) created (v) in (pps) the (d) entire
(adj) manufacturing (n) sector(n).
Composition of Exports
In (pps) the (d) last (adj) twenty (n)
years (n), Malaysian (n) exports (v) of (pps) merchandise (n) have (v) been (v)
equal (adj) to (pps) about (pps) 40% of (pps) GNP (n). This (prn) percentage
(n) has (v) increased (v) slightly (adv) in (pps) recent (adj) years (n), and
(c) it (prn) shows (v) that (prn) Malaysia’s (n) heavy (adj) dependence (n) on
(pps) merchandise (n) exports (v) has (v) not (adv) lessened (v) over (pps) the
(d) last (adj) two (n) decades (n). What (prn) has (v) changed (v) has (v) been
(v) the (d) composition (n) of (pps) exports (v). Inedible (adj) crude (adj)
materials (n) accounted (v) for (pps) nearly (adv) 68% of (pps) Malaysia’s (n)
total (adj) gross (adj) exports (v) in (pps) 1960 (n), but (c) by (pps) 1980
(n) the (d) percentage (n) had (v) been (v) reduced (v) by (pps) half (n) to
(pps) 32%.
Inedible (adj) crude (adj) material
(n) exports (v) are (v) comprised (v) mainly (adv) of (pps) rubber (n), tin (n),
sawlogs (n), and (c) sawn (n) timber (n). Among (pps) these (prn), rubber (n) and
(c) tin (n) declined (v) drastically (adv) in (pps) relative (adj) terms (n),
while (n) the (d) reverse (v) was (v) true (adj) of (pps) sawlogs (n) and (c) sawn
(n) timber (n).
Two (n) other (prn) primary (adj)
products (n) registered (v) relative (adj) increases (v) in (pps) export (v)
earnings (n), and (c) these (prn) were (v) animal (n) and (c) vegetable (n) oils
(n) and (c) fats (n) and (c) mineral (n) fuels (n). The (d) exports (v) of
(pps) oils (n) and (c) fats (n) are (v) mostly (adv) palm (n) oil (n). Malaysia
(n) became (v) the (d) largest (adj) producer (n) of (pps) palm (n) oil (n) in (pps)
the (d) mid-seventies (n); this (prn) probably (adv) helped (v) to (pps)
increase (v) the (d) contribution (n) of (pps) animal (n) and (c) vegetable (n)
oils (n) and (c) fats (n) from (pps) 2.3% in (pps) 1960 (n) to (pps) 11.1% in
(pps) 1980 (n).
An (d) even (v) more (prn) significant
(adj) increase (v) was (v) shown (v) by (pps) mineral (n) fuels (n), comprised
(v) largely (adv) of (pps) crude (adj) petroleum (n), which (prn & d)
increased (v) its (d) share (n) of (pps) total (adj) exports (v) from (pps) 8%
in (pps) 1960 (n) to (pps) 24.5% in (pps) 1980 (n). This (prn) increase (v) can
(v) be (v) attributed (v) largely (adv) to (pps) the (d) discovery (n) of (pps)
offshore (adj) oil (n) along (pps) the (d) northeast (n) coast (n) of (pps) Peninsular
(n) Malaysia (n). The (d) oil (n) discovery (n) and (c) buoyant (adj) prices (n)
for (pps) crude (adj) petroleum (n) enabled (v) mineral (n) fuels (n) to (pps)
become (v) one (n) of (pps) Malaysia’s (n) leading (adj) exports (v) in (pps) the
(d) last (adj) few (d) years (n). (Since (pps) 1980 (n) crude (adj) petroleum
(n) has (v) been (v) the (d) leading (adj) single (adj) export (v) commodity
(n) in (pps) Malaysia (n), topping (adj) rubber (n), which (prn & d) has
(v) traditionally (adv) been (v) the (d) top (adj) export (v) earner (n).)
However (adv), the (d) most (adv)
significant (adj) change (v) in (pps) the (d) composition (n) of (pps) Malaysia’s
(n) exports (v) is (v) in (pps) manufactured (v) products (n). If (c) we (prn)
take (v) all (d) manufactured (v) products (n) (i.e., manufactured (v) goods
(n), machinery (n) and (c) transport (v) equipment (n), and (c) miscellaneous
(adj) manufactured (v) articles-SITC 5-8 (n)), the (d) share (n) of (pps) these
(prn) products (n) totaled (v) less (prn) than (c) 17% in (pps) 1960 (n) but
(c) increased (v) to (pps) more (prn) than (c) 27% of (pps) total (n) exports
(v) in (pps) 1980 (n), an (d) increase (v) of (pps) nearly (adv) 60%. Given
(pps) the (d) importance (n) of (pps) manufactured (v) exports (v) in (pps) view
(v) of (pps) Malaysia’s (n) small (adj) domestic (adj) market (n) and (c) also
(adv) in (pps) view (v) of (pps) the (d) country’s (n) objective (n) of (pps)
becoming (adj) an (d) industrialized (v) country (n) by (pps) the (d) end (n)
of (pps) this (prn) decade (n), the (d) growth (n) in (pps) manufactured (v)
exports (v) will (v) be (v) discussed (v) further (adv) in (pps) the (d)
following (n) section (n).
Composition of Imports
In (pps) 1960 (n) the (art) three
(n) most (adv) important (adj) imports (v) were (v) food (n) (23.4%),
manufactured (v) goods (adv) (15.2%), and (c) mineral (n) fuels (n) (14.9%).
These (prn) three (n) items (n) accounted (n) for (pps) more (adj) than (c) 53%
of (pps) total (adj) imports (v). By (pps) 1980 (n) the (art) pattern (n) had (v)
changed (v). Food (n) was (v) no (adv) longer (adj) the (art) leading (adj)
import (v) item (n). It (prn) had (v) been (v) replaced (v) by (pps) machinery (n)
and (c) transport (v) equipment (n). This (prn) item (n) (38.8% of total
imports), together (adv) with (pps) manufactured (n) goods (adj) (16.4%), and (c)
mineral (n) fuels (n) (15.2%), accounted
(n) for (pps) more (adj) than (c) 70% of (pps) total (adj) imports (v).
Food (n) imports (v) declined (v)
during (pps) the (art) period (n) 1965-70 (n), coinciding (v) with (pps) the (art)
initial (adj) phase (n) of (pps) import (v) substitution (n) (see section 14.4
above). On (pps) the (art) other (adj) hand (n), there (adv) was (v) a (n)
dramatic (adj) increase (n) in (pps) the (art) annual (adj) rate (n) of (pps) growth (n) of (pps)
the (art) importation (adj) of (pps)
machinery and (c) transport (v) equipment (n), averaging (n) 33.2%
during (pps) the (art) period (n) 1970-75 (n). This (prn) was (v) the (art) period (n) when (adv)
investment (n) activities (n) were (v) intensified (v) and (c) the (art)
manufacturing (n) sector (n) was (v) gearing (n) production (n) toward (pps) the
(art) export (v) market (n).
Another (adj) way (n) of (pps) analyzing
(v) the (art) changing (n) composition (n) of (pps) Malaysian (n) imports (v)
is (v) to (pps) classify (v) the (art) imports (v) by (pps) economic (adj) function (n). Using
(v) this (prn)
classification (n), in (pps) 1961(n) consumption (n) goods (adj) accounted (n)
for (pps) 46.7% of (pps) total (adj) imports (v), while (n) intermediate (adj)
and (c) investment (n) goods (adj) accounted (n)for (pps) 44.9%. By (pps) 1980 (n)
the (art) share (n) of (pps)consumption (n)
goods (adj) had (v) dropped (n) to (pps)
18.4%, and (c) the (art) share (n) of (pps) intermediate (adj) and (c)
investment (n) goods (adj) had (v) risen (v) to (pps) nearly (adv) 80%. In (pps) short (adj), Malaysia
(n) has (v) more (adj) or (c) less (adv) completed (adj)
the (art) first (adj) stage (n) of (pps) it’s (prn)
industrial (adj) development (n) and (c) is (v) now (adv) preparing (v) for (pps)
the (art) second (adj) stage (n) of (pps)
industrialization (n).
Conclusion
As (adv) for (pps) it’s (prn) external (adj)
trade (n) pattern (n) and (c) prospects (n) it (prn) may (v) be (v) assumed (adj)
that (prn) the (art) present (adj) trend
(n) will (v) continue (v). Malaysia (n) will (v) continue (v) to (pps) export (v)
relatively (adv) more (adj) manufactured (n) goods (adj) and (c) less (adv)
primary (adj) products (n). On (pps) the (art) other (adj) hand (n), imports (v)
of (pps) consumption (n) goods (adj) will (v) continue (v) to (pps) decline (v), while (n) imports (v) of (pps)
intermediate (adj) and (c) investment (n) goods (adj) may (v) be (v) expected (v) to (pps) increase (v) even (adj)
further (adv). These (prn) developments (n) will (v) naturally (adv) favor (n)
Japan (n), which (prn) is (v) already (adv) Malaysia’s (n) leading (adj) trade (n)
partner (n), but (c) there (adj) is (v) no (adv) reason (n) why (adv) they (prn) should
(v) diminish (v) the (art) trade (n) prospects (n) of (pps) other (adj)
countries (n), especially
(adv)
those (prn) in (pps) the (art) OECD (n) group (n). The (art) complementary (adj)
nature (n) of (pps) the (art) OECD (n) and (c) Malaysian (n) economies (n) will
(v) continue (v) to (pps) foster (v) closer (n) mutual (adj) trade (n) relationships (n). However (adv), given (v) a (n)
higher (adj) level (adj) of (pps) industrialization (n) in (pps) the (art) Malaysian
(n) economy (n), the (art) country’s (n) efforts (n) to (pps) diversify (v) its
(prn) export (v) market (n) may (v) be (v)
more (adj) successful (adj). At (pps) present (adj), nontraditional (adj)
export (v) markets (n) in (pps) the (art) Pacific (adj) region (n), West (n) Asia
(n), Latin (n) America (n), and (c) Africa (n) are (v) still (adj) at (pps) a (n)
minimal (adj) level (adj) of (pps) development (n). The (art) production (n) of (pps)
a (n) wider (adj) range (n) of (pps) manufactured (n) products (n) should (v) help (v) Malaysian (n) exporters (v) in (pps) their (prn) efforts (n) to (pps) penetrate (v)
these (prn) markets (n).
Reference:
Lim,
C. (2002). Changes in the Malaysian Economy and Trade Trends and Prospects. University
of Chicago Press. [Online]. pp. 435-466. Available from:
http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6931. [Accessed: 9 March 2016].
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